私醫聯招 英文歷屆試題｜全部題目＋答案＋詳解（第 2 頁）

Many stereotypes have developed around behavioral differences between the genders, although the  (21)  between the male and female stereotypes are less  (22)  than they used to be. Gender stereotypes may  (23)  depending on ethnicity, and they typically favor males.

The gender differences that do exist tend to be quite small.  (24) , they are group differences that tell us little about individuals. Nonetheless, some people still believe that the psychological differences between male and female are  (25) . Social role theory and social constructionism provide two explanations for this phenomenon.

Everyone is an expert on something,  (26)  it is auto mechanics, baking brownies or martial arts. We usually speak best about subjects  (27)  we are familiar. This is why teachers encourage students to  (28)  on their own knowledge and experience in developing speech topics.

Young smokers beware: On Monday it became illegal in Iowa for anyone under 18 to smoke a cigarette. If  (29)  smoking, chewing or even possessing tobacco by the police, an underaged offender could be fined  (30)  $100, yanked off the street or out of the shopping mall and taken home in the backseat of a squad car.

Since ancient times, people have practiced the art of physiognomy, or reading character from physical features. The ancient Greeks compared the human face to the faces of various animals, such as the eagle and the horse. They believed people shared certain character traits with the animals they resembled. A person with an equine, or horselike, face was thought to be loyal, brave, and stern. A person with an aquiline, or eaglelike, nose was believed to be bold and courageous, as well as arrogant and self-centered.

A related - though not as ancient - art is phrenology, the study of the bumps on the head. Phrenologists have identified 40 bumps of various shapes and sizes on the human head. They “read” these bumps to identify a person’s talents and character. For example, a bump between the nose and forehead is said to be present in people who have natural elegance and a love of beauty. A bump behind the curve of the ear is the sign of a courageous and adventurous person.

Phrenology was developed in the early eighteenth century by Franz Joseph Gall, a doctor in Vienna. His interest began at school when he noticed that boys with prominent eyes seemed to have the best memories. This led him to believe that a connection existed between appearance and ability. Dr. Gall’s research interested many people, but he was ridiculed by other doctors. When he died in 1828, he was a poor and bitter man. It was only many years later that Dr. Gall’s theories found support among some doctors and scientists, and today the art of phrenology has become more accepted.

You may have the same shoe size as someone else. You may also have the same color eyes or hair. But there is one thing that cannot be the same. That is your fingerprints. No two fingerprints are alike. The curving lines on each finger make a pattern. Each print never changes, except to get bigger as you grow.

What good are fingerprints? First, they help us to hold things. You know how the lines on a tire help it grip the road. Fingerprints help us grip things the same way. Fingerprints also help police identify people. Police look for fingerprints where a crime has taken place. Dust is used to show the fingerprints. It can show prints on metal, wood, or even paper.

Before 1903, police did not use fingerprints. They identified people only by their pictures and body size. Then a strange thing happened. Police found two prisoners in Kansas. One was named Will West. The other was named William West. Both men looked the same. The only way to tell them apart was by checking their fingerprints.

You probably think you have to be big and buff to benefit from weight-lifting, but in reality, you do not. You just need to learn how to weight train properly in order to get the results you want. Everyone wants a perfect body. For a guy, the ideal image is broad shoulders, big pecs, and a six pack. For a girl, it is a well-toned body. But looking good on the outside is not necessarily the same as being healthy on the inside. To be healthy, you need to eat a good diet and get lots of exercise. Weight-lifting can be part of an exercise program, but it is important to distinguish weight-lifting facts from myths.

One myth about weight training is that you have to work out everyday. Muscle tissue needs at least 48 hours to recover from hard exercise, so working the same muscle two days in a row is over-training and provides no benefit. Arnold Schwarzenegger once said: “It is not how many hours you put in, it is what you put in the hours.” It is not good to strain your muscles, but it is good to work out hard. Forty-five minutes to an hour in the gym four to five times per week is enough for young people. Your body actually gains strength and mass while you rest, so it is also important to get plenty of sleep.

Obesity is a common health problem. The criteria for obesity vary considerably. One simple, intermediate criterion is to classify people as obese if their weight exceeds their ideal body weight by 20%. If this criterion is used, 31% of men and 35% of women in the United States qualify as obese. Many experts prefer to assess obesity in terms of body mass index (BMI)—weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared (kg/m²). This increasingly used index of weight controls for variations in height. A BMI of 25.0-29.9 is typically regarded as overweight, and a BMI over 30 is considered obese. Although American culture seems to be obsessed with slimness, recent surveys show surprisingly sharp increases in the incidence of obesity. If a BMI over 25 is used as the cutoff, over 50% of American adults are struggling with weight problems!

Obesity is similar to smoking in that it exerts a relatively subtle impact on health that is easy for many people to ignore. Nevertheless, the long-range effects of obesity can be quite dangerous. Obesity is a significant health problem that elevates one’s mortality risk. Overweight people are more vulnerable than others to heart diseases, diabetes, hypertension, respiratory problems, gallbladder diseases, stroke, arthritis, muscle and joint pain, and back problems.

Work is easily measured by labor force participation rates—the percentage of a given population that is either working or is actively seeking work (i.e., unemployed). Measuring retirement, however, is less straightforward, as retirement can be more of a process than an event. Recent analysis found that at least one-third of older men and nearly half of older women used transitionary “bridge” jobs before completely leaving the job market. In such instances, people transition from full-time work to part-time work before retiring. People can also receive Social Security retirement benefits or other pension/retirement income yet still be employed. In fact, the Current Population Survey indicates that 12 percent of elderly men and 7 percent of elderly women report that in 2000 they worked yet still received pension income.

This leads to a variety of ways to measure retirement. Labor force participation rates provide one measure of potential retirement behavior. More precisely, it is the change in rates which indicate changes in retirement behavior. One definition of the average age of retirement is the age at which half of the population is in the labor force and the other half is out. Another indicator is receipt of Social Security retirement benefits or other pension/retirement income. As mentioned, though, receipt of such payments does not preclude continued employment. Economists typically classify someone as retired if the majority of their income is from Social Security, pensions, and/or savings even if they still are in the paid workforce. Many retirement-based surveys rely on how a respondent defines his or her retirement status.